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Alternanthera pungens

Kunth (1818)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-CoreEudicot Order: Caryophyllales Family: Amaranthaceae Genus: Alternanthera

khaki weed

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Perennial herbs.

Stems: Stems prostrate, rarely ascending, sometimes rooting at the nodes, 1–5 dm long, pilose, the hairs multicellular.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite. Blades ovate to obovate, 0.5–4.5 cm long, 0.3–2 cm wide. Surfaces glabrous to sparsely appressed pilose. Margins entire. Petioles 2–10 mm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in sessile, sparsely pubescent spikes. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic. Each flower subtended by a bract and 2 bracteoles. Bract ca. 4 mm long, tipped with a spine 2–3 mm long, bracteoles 3–4 mm long, acute. Calyx of 5 sepals, unequal, the 2 abaxial ones 4–5 mm long, spine-tipped, the spine usually more than 2 mm long, other sepals not spine-tipped. Corolla (petals) absent. Stamens 5, all fertile. Ovary superior, 2–3(4)-carpellate, the carpels connate to form a compound, 1-celled ovary; ovule placentation basal, free-central, or rarely apical; style 1, often lobed.

Fruit: Utricles 1.2–1.5 mm long; enclosed by the sepals. Seeds 1 per fruit; the surface usually lustrous; endosperm essentially absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 64

Habitat: Beach parks and other low elevation; dry; disturbed areas.

Elevation Range: 0–2700 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Kaho'olawe Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 206 (1818)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:183 (O, Mo, H); Lorence & Flynn 1999:3 (K); Oppenheimer & Bartlett 2000:1 (WM); Oppenheimer & Bartlett 2002:2 (L); Starr et al. 2002:17 (EM); Starr & Starr 2015:23 (EM [high elev record], Ka)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Alternanthera pungens Kunth east maui, makawao district, haile maile, next to pineapple packaging building On rocks by beach PRESERVED_SPECIMEN starr, f. martz, k. collector number: 000608-1 Molokai BISH 6/8/2000
2 Alternanthera pungens Kunth hilo; h. eunice nursery, 792 kealakai st., in the panaewa farm lots Cultivated in commercial nursery for sale as ornamental. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. collector number: 9275 Hawaii BISH 1/9/1991
3 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kaunakakai along main road PRESERVED_SPECIMEN corn, c. collector number: s.n. Molokai BISH 5/13/1979
4 Alternanthera pungens Kunth honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN marnie collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 10/30/1987
5 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kaumalapau Harbor PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H109916 Lanai BISH 10/24/1999
6 Alternanthera pungens Kunth east maui, wailuku district, n side of hana hwy., w of kanaha pond Vegetation on plots stripmined for bauxite ore in 1958-60. Base ore, no overburden, no soil treatment. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h119810 Kauai BISH 11/2/1998
7 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kapiolani park, waikiki, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN neal, m.c. collector number: s.n. Kauai BISH 1/25/1964
8 Alternanthera pungens Kunth University of Hawaii campus, Honolulu In lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 5088 Oahu BISH 11/15/1983
9 Alternanthera pungens Kunth university of hawaii campus, honolulu Wet lowland residential area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. collector number: 5088 Oahu BISH 11/15/1983
10 Alternanthera pungens Kunth university of hawaii campus, honolulu; manoa stream In disturbed area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5256 Oahu BISH 3/12/1975
11 Alternanthera pungens Kunth East Maui, Wailuku District, N side of Hana Hwy., W of Kanaha Pond Growing in an empty lot. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H119810 Maui BISH 11/2/1998
12 Alternanthera pungens Kunth East Maui, Makawao District, Haile Maile, next to pineapple packaging building PRESERVED_SPECIMEN F. Starr & K. Martz 000323-1 Maui HAPI 3/23/2000
13 Alternanthera pungens Kunth honolulu, manoa valley area, 3115 kaloaluiki place Occasionally seen in boggy places throughout crater. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN kadowaki, a. (sub staples iii, g.w.) collector number: 774 Maui BISH 1/25/1992
14 Alternanthera pungens Kunth along coastal and inland trail puuhonua o honaunau national historic park Trail through scrub area. Predominantly exotic vegetation. Area highly modified by ancient Polynesians. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN higashino, p.k. stemmermann, r.l.; allen, m.s. collector number: 10254 Hawaii BISH 4/7/1984
15 Alternanthera pungens Kunth barber's pt.; beach park adjacent to campbell industrial park Lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5504 Oahu BISH 10/7/1975
16 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kaunakakai; pau hana inn In lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 2306 Molokai BISH 3/20/1985
17 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kaunakakai; Pau Hana Inn Growing as a weed along the sidewalks around town and in lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R.W. 2374 Molokai BISH 4/23/1985
18 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kaena Pt.; near end of Farrington Hwy Beach. Ground-dweller; (nat) common. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lennstrom, H. 1994-1 Oahu BISH 1/2/1994
19 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Wailuku District, Waikapu, near parking lot at intersection of Rte. 30 and 31 Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H89940 Maui BISH 8/28/1999
20 Alternanthera pungens Kunth east maui, wailuku district, s side of hana hwy., s of kanaha pond Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h119811 Maui BISH 11/2/1998
21 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kahului Airport, behind fire station Scattered here and there. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. 000323-1 Maui BISH 3/23/2000
22 Alternanthera pungens Kunth East Maui, Wailuku District, S side of Hana Hwy., S of Kanaha Pond Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H119811 Maui BISH 11/2/1998
23 Alternanthera pungens Kunth East Maui, Makawao District, Haile Maile, next to pineapple packaging building PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. Martz, K. Collector Number: 000608-1 Maui BISH 6/8/2000
24 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Along coastal and inland trail Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historic Park Trail through scrub area. Predominantly exotic vegetation. Area highly modified by ancient Polynesians. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Higashino, P.K. 10254 Hawaii BISH 4/7/1984
25 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kapiolani Park, Waikiki, Honolulu Parkway under ironwood trees; in ground cover w/grass and Synedrella nodiflora; PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Neal, M.C. s.n. Oahu BISH 1/25/1964
26 Alternanthera pungens Kunth wailuku district, waikapu, near parking lot at intersection of rte. 30 and 31 Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h89940 Maui BISH 8/28/1999
27 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Honolulu: Magellan St., below Punchbowl Dry area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Uehara, S. s.n. Oahu BISH 6/18/1959
28 Alternanthera pungens Kunth East Maui, Wailuku District, S side of Hana Hwy., S of Kanaha Pond Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H119811 Maui BISH 11/2/1998
29 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kaunakakai; pau hana inn PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 2374 Oahu BISH 4/23/1985
30 Alternanthera pungens Kunth queen's beach off of kalanianaole hwy (hwy 72) PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. herbst, d.r.; mill, s. collector number: 4807 French Frigate Shoals BISH 6/4/1983
31 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Marnie Collector Number: s.n. Oahu BISH 10/30/1987
32 Alternanthera pungens Kunth W Maui, Lahaina District, Mailepai, along Honoapiilani Hwy., N of Kahana Kai Bridge near gate to pineapple fields Common roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H89909 Maui BISH 8/6/1999
33 Alternanthera pungens Kunth East Maui, Makawao District, Haile Maile, next to pineapple packaging building PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. 000608-1 Maui BISH 6/8/2000
34 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Queen's Beach off of Kalanianaole Hwy (Hwy 72) PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 4807 Oahu BISH 6/4/1983
35 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kapapa islet, kaneohe bay Raised coral reef w/shallow, sandy soil. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. collector number: 6137 Oahu BISH 5/24/1978
36 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kaunakakai along main road PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Corn, C. s.n. Molokai BISH 5/13/1979
37 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Wailuku District, Waikapu, near parking lot at intersection of Rte. 30 and 31 Roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H89940 Maui BISH 8/28/1999
38 Alternanthera pungens Kunth halawa valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN thorne, k. 9169 CM 5/3/1991
39 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kahului Airport, behind fire station. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F.; Martz, K. 000323-1 Maui US 3/23/2000
40 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Hanapepe, at the Swinging bridge parking lot. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Dean Jamieson s.n. 13.x.98 Kauai PTBG 10/13/1998
41 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Honokowai, Elev. 45 ft. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H50019 Maui PTBG 5/18/2000
42 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kapaa. Esaki's Produce yard. 4780 Kahau Road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ed Pickup s.n. Kauai PTBG 3/31/2004
43 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kalaheo. Plants from yard at 4543A Puuwai Road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 5990 Kauai PTBG 7/12/1996
44 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Honokanaia, around buildings at base camp, by barracks. Lowland dry non-native vegetation PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forest Starr Starr-131218-01 Kahoolawe PTBG 12/18/2013
45 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kekaha, Kokee Road, on East side of road. Edge of road and old cane fields. Collected as part of KISC 2007 Early Detection Roadside Survey. Secondary vegetation. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Natalia Tangalin 1359 Kauai PTBG 5/31/2007
46 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Poipu, TMK 2-8-15: 82 , 10 acres of undeveloped land located directly to the east of Kapili Road, south of Po`ipu Road,and north of the Sheraton Poipu. Dry shrubland community of secondary non-native vegetation situated on an older pahoehoe lava flow. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11158 Kauai PTBG 3/24/2003
47 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Barbers Point, beach park adjacent to Campbell Industrial Park. Lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishikawa, S. 5504 Oahu US 10/7/1975
48 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kahului airport, behind fire station. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN f. starr & k. martz 000323-1 Maui US 3/23/2000
49 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kahului Airport, behind fire station. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN F. Starr & K. Martz 000323-1 Maui US 3/23/2000
50 Alternanthera pungens Kunth hanapepe, salt pond park, hawaii route 50 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN basinger, mark; basinger, myra YPM 6/13/2013
51 Alternanthera pungens Kunth barbers point, beach park adjacent to campbell industrial park. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishikawa 5504 Hawaii US 10/7/1975
52 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Queen's Beach off of Kalanianaole Hwy. (Hwy. 72) PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W. L.; Herbst, D. R.; Miller, S. W. 4807 Oahu US 6/4/1983
53 Alternanthera pungens Kunth university of hawaii campus, manoa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. l. wagner 5088 Oahu US 11/15/1983
54 Alternanthera pungens Kunth oahu, ala moana state recreation area PRESERVED_SPECIMEN pollack, g.h.; tetteris, a. 30 Oahu US 11/17/1989
55 Alternanthera pungens Kunth University of Hawaii Campus, Manoa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W. L. 5088 Oahu US 11/15/1983
56 Alternanthera pungens Kunth honolulu: magellan st., below punchbowl Dry area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN uehara, s. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 6/18/1959
57 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kaumalapau harbor PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h109916 Lanai BISH 10/24/1999
58 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Halekala National Park, Leileiwi Overlook, by parking lot, in crack. Subalpine shrubland/roadside with Sophora chrysophylla and Coprosma montana. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. 130801-06 Maui BISH 8/1/2013
59 Alternanthera pungens Kunth queen's beach off of kalanianaole hwy. (hwy. 72) PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. l. wagner, d. r. herbst & s. w. miller 4807 Oahu US 6/4/1983
60 Alternanthera pungens Kunth University of Hawaii campus, Honolulu; Manoa Stream In disturbed area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5256 Oahu BISH 3/12/1975
61 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Barber's Pt.; beach park adjacent to Campbell Industrial Park Lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5504 Oahu BISH 10/7/1975
62 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Honolulu, Manoa Valley area, 3115 Kaloaluiki Place Cultivated in garden of Alice Kadowaki. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kadowaki, A. 774 Oahu BISH 1/25/1992
63 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kapapa, oahu. in center of islet PRESERVED_SPECIMEN starr, f. starr, k.; smith, d. collector number: 050418-32 Oahu BISH 4/18/2005
64 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Honokanaia, around buildings at base camp. Lowland dry non-native with Prosopis pallida, Pennisetum ciliaris. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. 131218-01 Kahoolawe BISH 12/18/2013
65 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Marnie s.n. Oahu BISH 10/30/1987
66 Alternanthera pungens Kunth w maui, lahaina district, mailepai, along honoapiilani hwy., n of kahana kai bridge near gate to pineapple fields Common roadside weed. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h89909 Maui BISH 8/6/1999
67 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kaunakakai; Pau Hana Inn In lawn. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R.W. 2306 Molokai BISH 3/20/1985
68 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kapapa, Oahu. In center of islet PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. 050418-32 Oahu BISH 4/18/2005
69 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kahului Airport, behind fire station Scattered here and there. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. Martz, K. Collector Number: 000323-1 Maui BISH 3/23/2000
70 Alternanthera pungens Kunth East Maui, Wailuku District, N side of Hana Hwy., W of Kanaha Pond Growing in an empty lot. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H119810 Maui BISH 11/2/1998
71 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kahului airport, behind fire station Scattered here and there. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN starr, f. martz, k. collector number: 000323-1 Maui BISH 3/23/2000
72 Alternanthera pungens Kunth kaena pt.; near end of farrington hwy Beach. Ground-dweller; (nat) common. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lennstrom, h. collector number: 1994-1 Oahu BISH 1/2/1994
73 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Kapapa Islet, Kaneohe Bay Raised coral reef w/shallow, sandy soil. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 6137 Oahu BISH 5/24/1978
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